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Baloch_Balochistan,News:M.M

Bombdåd dödade 110 i Pakistan

Publicerad 2013-01-16 07:23:16 i Allmänt

 

Ett antal explosioner i västra Pakistan har krävt över 110 dödsoffer.

Mer än hälften dödades när självmordsbombare, bara minuter från varandra, attackerade en fullproppad biljardhall.

Det var inne i den trånga klubben, där boende i Quetta i sydvästra Pakistan samlats för att spela biljard, som den första självmordsbombaren detonerade sin kraftiga sprängladdning. Polis, räddningsarbetare och medier skyndade till platsen och det var då, cirka tio minuter senare, som den andra bomben exploderade.

Minst 81 människor dödades i dåden och 121 skadades, uppgav polisen senare.

– Båda var självmordsattacker, det är nu bekräftat, säger polisen Mir Zubair Mehmood, som tillägger att sex poliser, en kameraman och flera hjälparbetare finns bland de dödade.

Ingen tog omedelbart på sig skulden för attackerna, men i området bor främst shiamuslimer.

Självmordsattackerna kom bara några timmar efter en separat explosion vid en livlig marknad i samma stad, som dödade elva människor. Quetta är huvudort i den oroliga Baluchistan-provinsen.

Längre norrut exploderade en sprängladdning under ett religiöst möte i Swat-dalen. 22 människor dödades och 80 skadades, enligt myndigheterna som beskriver det som ett avsiktligt dåd.

 

Jennifer Musa

Publicerad 2013-01-06 02:01:30 i Allmänt


"Bhutto told my brother-in-law to work on me.  He said, 'get her vote.'  He thought the weakest link was a woman.  He'd never been to Ireland.  In the end, Bhutto gave in.  He never forgave me."

Jennifer Musa was a seriously tough old lady.  This Irish battleaxe of a woman not only looks she could have been Clint Eastwood's grandmother, it's entirely believable that she was also the sort of person who might have flipped over a card table and beaten you to death with a broken-off chair leg if she'd thought for a second that you were cheating during your weekly bridge game.  While the above image alone might be enough to warrant a mutter of "damn that lady looks pretty badass", what's even more hardcore than her ferocious, imposing stare is the fact that this take-no-bullshit old lady was well-known throughout the lawless deserts of Central Asia as "The Irish Queen of Balochistan", and earned a name for herself by making sure everybody in Central Asia knew that she was the toughest motherfucker in town.  Now there's a hell of a title.
The Future Queen of Balochistan was inauspiciously born in County Kerry, Ireland, in 1911.  Like any good Irish Catholic worthy of her rosary, this young farmgirl was one of about a hundred kids, though life in a packed-out farmhouse wasn't exactly what she had in mind for a career path.  Instead, she moved to Oxford, where she trained to be a nurse.  This is where things take an interesting turn.
While living in Oxford, Jennifer met and fell in love with a Philosophy student named Qasi Musi.  Qasi's father, incidentally, just so happened to be a pretty badass Afghan war leader who had led a successful cavalry charge against the British during the Battle of Maiwand in 1880.  After the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the Brits decided they didn't like the idea of this saber-swinging maniac busting English asses all over Central Asia, so they expelled him from his tribal homeland in Kandahar.  Qasi's dad moved across the mountains to a region called Balochistan, which sounds like a made-up place, but is actually a province in present-day Pakistan.  As a proven badass, is was easy for this guy to establish himself as a local tribal authority.


This is Balochistan.

Jennifer and Qasi got married, and in 1948 (just a few months after Pakistan earned its independence from Britain), they moved to Balochistan, bought a 110 year-old mud hut in the town of Pishin, and immediately started decorating it with badass shit like giant-ass swords and pelts from white tigers they had presumably killed with the afore-mentioned giant-ass swords.
Right off the bat, Jennifer Musa's arrival in Pishin was kind of like a kick in the teeth to the local population.  Here was this ancient tribal culture that believed pretty strongly in Purdah, the religious belief that women were not allowed to be seen by men in public, and then their entire system was curbstomped by the arrival of this hot-tempered mouthy Irish broad who refused to wear the burka, pounded shots of Bailey's Irish Cream, and didn't take shit from anyone.  Nobody knew what the hell to think. It was so weird that there came a rumor around town was that Jennifer was a British Princess who had been given to Qasi as a gift by the British Royal Family as a reward for the Balochistanian prince killing a wild tiger with his bare hands.  This was not the case.


Balochistan is very far away from Ireland.

Jennifer's husband died in an automobile accident in 1956, which is tragic but also kind of morbidly humorous when you consider that the Telegraph article I link to below makes a point of mentioning that Jennifer and Qasi owned the only car in the entire town.  With her husband dead and a young child to care for, 39 year-old Jennifer had two options – return home to Ireland, or stay in Balochistan.  She opted to stay so that the couple's son could remain with his extended family. And presumably also because being a tribal leader in Balochistan is pretty sweet.
But shit was just getting started for Jennifer Musa.  After her husband died, this tough broad stepped in and started kicking metaphorical asses all over the place, getting involved in both local and national politics and ferociously battling to protect the Baloch people she loved and the rights of women who had been oppressed by unfair laws for generations.  She joined the Pakistani National Freedom Party, and got elected to the only Balochistanian seat when Pakistan formed its first Parliament in 1970.  When President (and noted world leader) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto tried to bully her into ratifying a constitution that Jennifer felt didn't provide enough safeguards for Balochistan to preserve its regional autonomy, she told him he could bite her pasty ass and light up the constitution while doing so.  Bhutto was so adamant about wanting the ratification to be unanimous that he even tried to get Jennifer's own brother-in-law to pressure her to sign, but when the Constitution was signed in 1973 Jennifer held the distinction of being the only member of Parliament not to deposit ink onto it.  Fuck it – if she didn't agree with that bullshit, she wasn't going to just bow down and go along with it because the leader of her country told her to.  That's just how this chick rolled – nothng could break her iron will.


The Musa is not impressed by your puny conventional weapons.

In 1977 a coup by the Pakistani Army overthrew Democracy and dissolved the Parliament, so the now-former-MP returned home to her beloved Balochistan.  By this point, everybody in Balochistan had gotten over their cheauve-tastic preconceptions about what women were capable of, and they all pretty much unanimously understood that "Mummy Jennifer" was the Sherriff in town.
Now, I've never really been to rural Pakistan, but I kind of picture this region going down like Fallout with camels. It's miles of hot desert, incredibly poor, ruled by tribal warlords, and even the shepherds out there are packing full-auto assault rifles. Still, despite this harsh, only-the-strong-survive environment, Jennifer Musa proved that she was the woman in charge – local people from farmers to warlords would come to her to help arbitrate disputes and settle arguments, and what she said went. She also continued her work on women's rights, establishing literacy among the local female population, and when men weren't treating their women right she bullied them into acting a little more civilized by cracking them with sticks. The Telegraph piece I referenced earlier mentions an interview with the local police chief, who mentioned that he was scared of her growing up because when he would fuck up she'd drag him around town by his ear until he apologized. By the time that guy was thirty years old and running the police department, you can be damn sure he had nothing but respect for Mummy Jennifer. This mini-fiefdom is even more awesome, when you read that she didn't even really speak the language very well – according to her, "I speak a little Pashto and Urdu, but when I get really angry I go down to English and they understand me." It's like anything else I suppose – badassitude transcends the language barrier.


These are the kinds of guys that came to her for help and advice.

While it's pretty obvious that you didn't fuck with this lady, the Irish Queen of Balochistan also went out of her way to help people whenever she could.  During the Baloch revolt in the late 1970s, when local freedom fighters were battling the Pakistani government, she worked with both sides to restore peace in the region.  When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in the 1980s, she not only took in refugees fleeing the destruction, but used her own money to build an ice factory so that she could produce cold water for the refugees and reliable refrigeration for a region that didn't have much in the way of electricity.  Even this guy came to her on one occasion asking for help and advice.  Jennifer told Akbar to compromise and work together for a peacible solution, but he decided to revolt anyways, and got blown up for it.
Jennifer remained in Belochistan for six decades, refusing to leave even when the neighboring Afghan province of Khandahar was overrun by Taliban insurgents.  She raised her son to become a diplomat (he was served a Pakistan's Ambassador to both the United States and Russia) and fight for what he believed in, and when she died in 2008 at the age of 90, her entire village came out to pay their respects to the Irish Queen of Belochistan.


"I joined thinking I could do something for Baluchistan and something for women.  But you can't liberate women until you liberate men. They expected a woman in a burka.  So when I arrived, they were a bit surprised."

Pakistan accused of army massacre in Balochistan

Publicerad 2013-01-05 05:48:47 i Allmänt

 


 
Pictures of Pakistanis that went missing from Balochistan are displayed at a camp set up by their families in Islamabad, Pakistan in April 2012 (© AP Photo, Anjum Naveed)
Pakistan has been conducting a violent campaign against one of its indigenous ethnic populations, says human rights campaigner Peter Tatchell 
Since Christmas Eve, Pakistan has launched a savage new military crackdown in annexed and occupied Balochistan.
Jet aircraft and helicopter gunships have bombarded pro-nationalist villages, resulting in the reported destruction of nearly 200 houses and the deaths of 50 civilians, including women and children.
The main military sweep took place in the Awaran, Panjur and Makran districts of Balochistan. It included a 70-truck convoy of army soldiers and Frontier Corps. Hundreds of villagers were rounded up and interrogated. Many have since disappeared. Some were later found dead, with their mutilated bodies showing signs of torture. 
Throughout the operational area, the military have laid siege to villages and imposed a 24/7 curfew, which prevents families leaving their homes to collect food and water and to tend their crops and livestock.
Full details cannot yet be verified because the Pakistani security forces are refusing to allow anyone to leave or enter the area. In particular, human rights investigators, aid workers and journalists are barred. Doctors who attempted to treat the injured were turned away by Pakistani soldiers.
Information about the massacre comes from the Asian Human Rights Commission and the Baloch Human Rights Council (UK).
Freedom or insurgency?
Zaffar Baloch, President of the Baloch Human Rights Council in Canada, condemned the army's operation, saying it is “part of a broader plan of action to curtail the freedom struggle of the Baloch nation... and inflict a slow-motion genocide on the Baloch people."
Pakistan's military justifies the attacks by claiming they were hunting for the Baloch liberation guerrilla leader, Dr Allah Nazar, who they allege was hiding in local villages. They say the dead are insurgents from the Balochistan Liberation Front. This is disputed by human rights defenders, who point to children aged one, two and four who were among those killed.  
International humanitarian law prohibits indiscriminate, disproportionate military attacks that are likely to endanger innocent civilians; making the army’s action a war crime under the Geneva Conventions and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
'Dirty secret war'
Balochistan has been torn apart by a six-decades-long insurgency, which rejects forcible incorporation into Pakistan in 1948 and demands self-rule.
Guardian reporter Declan Walsh has described the conflict as “Pakistan’s dirty secret war”.
In protest at the Christmas massacre and other long-standing human rights abuses by the Pakistani security forces, the President of the Balochistan National Party, Akhtar Mengal, has written to Senator John Kerry, nominated by President Obama as the new US Secretary of State, urging the suspension of American aid to Pakistan.
In his letter, Mengal, a former Chief Minister of Balochistan, advises Kerry: "It is very clear that Pakistan's civilian government has lost 'effective control and oversight' over a military that is committing widespread atrocities and war crimes inside Balochistan."
Human rights abuses
The current killings are merely the latest of many indiscriminate attacks and violent human rights abuses against the Baloch people by the security forces of Pakistan. They have taken place with the de facto collusion of the government in Islamabad.
Amnesty International has previously condemned what it calls the ‘kill and dump’ terror methods of the Pakistani security forces.
These on-going abuses are corroborated by Human Rights Watch.
The US administration is accused of complicity. It supplies Pakistan with F-16 fighter jets and Cobra attack helicopters that were designated for the fight against the Taliban but which are frequently diverted for use in military operations in Balochistan.
Critics accuse government and military chiefs in Islamabad of giving the Taliban free rein in Balochistan. allowing them to act as a proxy second force against the more moderate, secular Baloch national movement.
Armed resistance to Pakistan’s 'neo-colonial' rule has widespread and growing popular support. Nationalists say that 64 years of military occupation and human rights abuses has strengthened the desire for the restoration of full independence.

Baloch In Europe Slam Rights Violations In Iran, Pakistan, Daily Times

Publicerad 2012-11-19 01:09:23 i Allmänt

GENEVA: A number of protesters from several Baloch organisations based in Europe gathered in front of the Palais des Nations in Geneva to denounce the alleged human rights violations against the Baloch people in Iran and Pakistan. Among the participants were Baloch representatives Noordin Mengal and Nasser Boladai. The Baloch community in Europe staged the demonstration on the occasion of the 21st session of the UN Human Rights Council, to protest against executions, forced disappearances, and extra-judicial killings in Balochistan. The protesters held banners protesting extra-judicial killings of the Baloch. They condemned military operations in Balochistan, saying such operations had resulted in death of thousands of innocent civilians, including women and children, and displacement of hundreds of thousands. The protesters also condemned the media blackout imposed in the province. They held placards with the pictures of the Baloch who had been assassinated and those who had been executed without trial. They also held pictures of a Baloch rights activist and blogger, Yaghob Mehrnihad, who was arrested by the Iranian forces in March 2008 and executed on September 4, 2008. The participants denounced the arbitrary detention, harassment, enforced disappearances and extra-judicial executions of Baloch students, teachers, journalists, intellectuals and political, social, and cultural activists and human rights defenders. The participants also highlighted the issues of economic exploitation and state support to religious fundamentalism. They appealed to the international community and UN to immediately intervene in Balochistan and take stern action on continuous atrocities taking place in the province and hold the perpetrators accountable for crimes against humanity.

Baluch Political Prisoner On 26th Day Of Hunger Strike

Publicerad 2012-11-19 01:02:35 i Allmänt

Hamza Rigi, Baluch Political Prisoner On 26th Day Of Hunger Strike October 26, 2012 HRANA News Agency - Hamza Rigi, Iranian Baluch political prisoner who has been arrested 30 months ago, held in Solitary Confinement is in 26th day of his hunger strike. According to a report by Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA), Hamza Rigi was arrested on charge of relating to Jondollah opposition group and was sentenced to death in the revolutionary court of Zahedan and his verdict has been confirmed. "Hamza Rigi was under 18 years old when he was arrested and his death sentence is against International Convention that Islamic Republic has signed it too. Hamza was tortured when he was arrested and most of his confessions was under the torture." one of his relatives told HRANA's reporter.

BALOCHISTAN LATEST NEWS

Publicerad 2012-09-06 21:11:00 i Allmänt

Islamabad: At least four university pupils were killed and more than 50 other people injured on Monday when a bomb fixed to a car exploded and hit a bus carrying students in Pakistan’s Quetta city, media reports said.

The blast took place around 8.20 am when the bus carrying 52 students from the Balochistan University of Information Technology was hit by the explosion inside a small car parked near the Federal Investigation Authority building on Samungli Road.

The image has been used for representational purpose only. Reuters

Geo News said at least 53 people, including four policemen and four women students, were injured.

A TV channel quoted hospital officials as saying that the injured included nine women and five children.

The blast left a two-foot-deep crater on the ground, witnesses said. A motorbike and a rickshaw near the blast site were destroyed, Xinhua reported.

State-run PTV channel said the injured policemen were passing by the site in a car when the bomb went off.

A bomb disposal squad said around 50 kg of explosives were used in the blast.

Police said it was not clear if the bus was the target. No group has claimed responsibility for the attack.

The toll may rise as at least 20 people are lying in hospitals in critical condition. Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani has condemned the attack.

Angry students gathered near the hospitals where the injured were admitted, and staged a protest.

9 killed in wave of sectarian violence in Quetta

Islamabad, Sep 1 (IANS) 

At least nine people were killed and a dozen others injured in a wave of sectarian violence that hit Quetta city, the provincial capital of Pakistan's southwest province of Balochistan Saturday, reported Xinhua, citing local media and police.
 

Unidentified gunmen attacked a car carrying Shia Muslims of Hazara ethnic group, attacked a girls' school and fired in various areas of the city to create panic.

The firing incidents started early in the morning when gunmen fired at a private car, killing five Shia Muslims in Hazar Ganji area. In another incident in the same area later, two more Shia Muslims were gunned down.

Following the second incident, the Shia religious leaders of Hazara community took to the streets and demanded government to arrest the people involved in brutal killings of Shias.

In another incident, one man was killed and 11 others were injured when unidentified gunmen opened fire at the Shia Muslims protesting against target killing of Hazara community.

No group has so far claimed responsibility for the attacks.

Some unidentified gunmen also fired at the building of a girls' school to create panic among the students and staff members.

Hazara Democratic Party strongly condemned the incident and called for a shut down strike in Quetta Sunday. Balochistan Shia Conference announced a three-day-mourning in the province.

Chief Minister of Balochistan, Nawab Aslam Raisani Nawab has sought a report about the incident from the concerned officials.

Talking to media, the chief secretary said target killing is not a new issue in Quetta but in recent months, its incidence has increased alarmingly. He said the authorities are trying hard to bring the situation under control.

Police did not succeed in arresting any of the attackers, local news reports said. (IANS)

 

The SC on Balochistan

 
Published: September 4, 2012
 
 
 

Apex court directs federal and provincial govts to take concrete measures in Balochistan. PHOTO: FILE

The Supreme Court remains unamused by the unfolding sequence of events in Balochistan. At the latest hearing held by a three-member bench of the apex Court, on a petition regarding the law and order situation in the province, Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, besides commenting on poor policing and impossibility of maintaining law and order in the province, also termed the killing of Nawab Akbar Bugti “the biggest mistake”. The chief justice also gave directives for including Nawab Bugti’s family in the voters’ list. The chief justice quite rightly lamented the hopelessness of a situation where a sessions court judge could be killed on sectarian basis without the government being prompted into taking any sort of action. In addition, the wisdom behind handing police powers to the FC when it has been accused of extrajudicial killings in the province also raised eyebrows among those sitting on the bench. The Court rejected the government’s response that there had been no increase in the number of people who had gone missing and that the number of dead bodies turning up on streets had declined. The bench pointed out that ‘settlers’ from other provinces continued to flee Balochistan, which was hardly an example of a comforting law and order situation within the province.

The Court hearings on Balochistan have highlighted many of the wrongs that have been committed in Balochistan, including the assassination of Nawab Bugti. But the problem is that even though top law-enforcement officials have appeared in the Court, no solutions have emerged, with killings on sectarian and ethnic bases continuing. As the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan has pointed out, not many of the people who had gone missing have resurfaced despite the apex Court’s efforts in this regard.

The Court has been able to identify issues — and sometimes culprits. What we need now is a means to fix the mess. Law enforcement alone is not the answer. The political forces enjoying influence in Balochistan need to be engaged in a process that can lead towards genuine order and be encouraged to begin a dialogue on this without further loss of time. Unless this happens, things will not improve.

Published in The Express Tribune, September 5th, 2012.

حکمرانی خاندان شیرانی

Publicerad 2012-09-06 20:06:00 i Allmänt


حکمرانی خاندان شیرانی

شیرانی نام طایفه ایی است در بلوچستان جنوبی ایران(مکران) کم حدود 300سال بر بلوچستان حکومت کرده اند ویکی از طوایف ایل نارویی میباشند

 

حوزه ی تحقیق محدوده ای است که تابع حکومت بنت در زمان خاندان شیرانیها است و آن شامل منطقه ای است

بنت و دشتهای که تابعی از بنت است ،فنوج و کتیج که در اسناد از آنها به عنوان فنوج ویشته هم نامبرده می شود.

این منطقه در جنوب غربی بلوچستان قرار دارد و در تقسیمات کنونی کشور دهستا نهای بنت و فنوج و کتیج تابع بخش بمپور از شهرستان ایرانشهر ،و دشتهای تابع شهرستان چاه بهار می باشد.

دامنه ی حکومت بنت تا زمان علیخان ،آخرین حاکم خاندان شیرانیهای محدود به دو منطقه ی بنت و دشتها بود .با مرگ محمد خان شیرانی حاکم فنوج و کتیج نیز جزو قلمرو حکومت بنت شد.

اوضاع جغرافیائی

قلمرو حکومت بنت در زمان علیخان نقدی محدود بود ،از جنوب به دریای عمان حد فاصل رود خانه های رابچ و سدیچ ،از شمال به مناطق دلگان و مسکوتان ،از شرق به مناطق لاشار و مسکوتان ،واز غرب به کوههای بشاگرد از ناحیه تنگ تامیهان

مناطق فنوج و کتیج کوهستانی هستند. وهوای انها از دیگر قسمتهای حوزه تحقیق خنک تر است .فنوج در حد بالای حوزه ه ی آبریز رودخانه رابچ واقع ،و شامل یک فرورفتگی است که از شرق به غرب کشیده شده است.ارتفاع آن از سطح دریا 800متر .تمام این دو منطقه آبی است که توسط چشمه های ،قنوات و رود خانه های آبیاری می شوند .مهمترین محصولات آن ها خرما ، ذرت و گندم است .علاوه بر آن کشت برنج در فنوج ،در توتون در کتیج اهمیت بسزائی دارند ،خرمای در امتداد رودخا نه ها قرار دارند،و در پاره ای آر آنها تمامی زمین های روستا به وسیله ی آب همان رود خانه مشروب می شوند.

فنوج در دامنه ی کوه سفید واقع است.راه ارتباطی فنوج جاده ای است خاکی به طول 90کیلومتر از ده اسپکه – که در 120کیلومتری شهرستان ایرانشهر قراردارد.ده فنوج وده کتیج نیز توسط جاده ای به طول تفریقی 60کیلومتر به دیکدیگر مرتبط می باشند .راه ارتباطی بنت و فنوج نیز جاده ای است مال رو در پیچ و خم رودخانه رابچ .این رودخانه در منطقه ی فنوج به نام رود خانه فنوج و در نزدیکی بنت به نام رود خانه ی بنت خوانده می شود.

 

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مبادلات بنت

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تصاوير ديدني از ايران ما: كوه‌هاي مريخي
كوه‌هاي منحصربه‌فرد و زيباي مريخي كه در جاده چابهار به گواتر ديده مي‌شوند، از زيباترين مناظر طبيعي ايران هستند كه كمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته‌اند.

حدود 40 تا 50 كيلومتر پس از چابهار به سمت بندرگواتر، كوه‌هايي در سمت چپ جاده نمايان مي‌شود كه به كوه‌هاي مينياتوري يا مريخي معروفند. وجود اين كوه‌ها با توجه به منظره كاملا متفاوتي كه در سمت راست جاده و رو به‌سوي دريا وجود دارد، باعث مي‌شود تا يكي از زيباترين جاده‌ها و مناظر طبيعي استان سيستان و بلوچستان به‌وجود آيد كه به دليل عدم معرفي، كمتر مورد بازديد قرار گرفته‌اند.

اين كوه‌ها كه از منحصربه‌فردترين كوه‌هاي ايران است، به ثبت و حفاظت محيط زيست نيز در نيامده‌اند تا دست کم به اين وسيله نامشان در فهرست مناظر زيبا و بي‌نظير ايران به‌جا گذاشته شود.

كوه‌هاي مريخي مناظري از کوه‌هاي کره ماه را براي انسان تداعي مي‌کنند و جنس رسوبي آنها و همچنين فرسايش خاص كوه‌ها موجب ايجاد شيارها و تراش‌هاي زيبايي شده است که گويي نقاشي ماهر آنها را به تصوير کشيده است.

اين کوه‌ها كه چاک چاک هستند و شکل‌هاي نامانوس دارند و فاقد پوشش گياهي هستند و به خاطر غيرعادي بودنشان، در سال‌هاي اخير و در ميان گردشگران، به کوه‌هاي مريخي شهرت يافته‌اند، نمونه‌هاي بدبوم (بدلند) هستند که پديده بوم‌شناختي ويژه‌اي است.

رنگ تقريبا سفيدرنگ کوه (چيزي ميان طوسي و سفيد) با واريزه‌هاي بسيار در پاي ‌آن، وجود گرما و حرارت و شرجي هوا و رطوبت نسبتا بالا و سوي ديگر آن دريا که به‌اين منظره آغوش گشوده است، مناظري رويايي و تخيلي را در ذهن بيننده پديد مي‌آورد. همين منظره منحصربه‌فرد كه جاده چابهار ـ گواتر آن را به دو نيم تقسيم كرده، باعث شده تا اين جاده به يكي از زيباترين جاده‌هاي ايران تبديل شود. يك‌سو كوه‌هاي مخروطي مريخي با آن رنگ خاكستري خيال‌انگيز و سوي ديگر درياي سبز و ماسه‌هاي اندكي سرخ با درختچه‌هاي بياباني در كرانه آن.

دشت كه در ميان جاده آبگير مي‌شود، تالاب‌هايي را پدپد مي‌آورد، كه در سوي دريا صورتي است و در سوي كوه خاكستري مايل به سفيد. جايي كه به آن تالاب صورتي مي‌گويند. اين جاده كه با سراشيبي‌ها و سربالايي‌هاي بسيار، نمايان شدن گاه‌به‌گاه دريا در سمت چپ و نظاره منظره از ارتفاع، از جاذبه‌هاي خاص گردشگري در استان سيستان و بلوچستان است.

رشته کوه‌هاي مريخي که فقط در مناطق جنوبي استان سيستان و بلوچستان واقع شده است، توانسته ترسيم‌گر يک جاذبه طبيعي زيبا باشد. اين کوه‌ها در زمان‌هاي گذشته به زيرخروارها خاک مدفون بوده و امروزه با گذشت زمان‏، مشاهده مي‌شوند. در اثر تغييرات جوي و آب و هوايي و باران‌هاي موسمي‏، خاک‌ها از روي آنها به دامنه‌ها ريخته شده و چهره اصلي اين کوه‌ها نمايان شده است.

در پهنه بعضي از اين کوه‌ها مشاهده مي‌شود که برخي مواقع ارتفاع آنها تا پنج متر مي‌رسد و در ديگر نقاط اين بيابان‌ها بعضا بلندي آنها تا 100 متر و حتي بيشتر هم ديده مي‌شود. جنس اين پديده از مقاومت خاصي برخوردار است، به‌طوري‌که بالا رفتن از آن به مثال بالا رفتن از صخره است.

شکل‌هاي نامانوس اين پديده‌ها، ناشي از فرسايش سريع در برابر باد و باران است که بر خلاف فرسايش‌هاي آرام و طبيعي، مهلتي براي رويش گياهان باقي نمي‌گذارد و سرزمين را دندانه دندانه و پر از لبه‌ها و چاک‌ها نشان مي‌دهد. همچنين، مقاومت ناهمسان لايه‌هاي زمين، در اين منطقه‌ها گاه سبب شکل‌گيري ستون‌هايي با کلاهک‌هايي بر سر يا کوه‌هايي که گويي با چاقو سر آن‌ها را بريده‌اند، مي‌شود.

با رسيدن به دهكده صيادي «تيس» منظره كوه‌هاي مريخي در كنار جاده به پايان مي‌رسد. قدمت اين روستا به 2500 سال قبل مي‌رسد و در كتاب فتوحات اسكندر مقدوني بعنوان تيز مشهور بوده و به مرور زمان به تيس تبديل شده است. تيس بندر تجاري فعالي بوده است كه بوسيله مغول‌ها ويران شده است.
 
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جغرافیای بلوچستان

Publicerad 2012-09-06 18:43:00 i Allmänt

جغرافیای طبیعی بلوچستان

الف: موقعیت محدود

بلوچستان صرف نظر از تقسیمات و حدود سیاسی فعلی آن بین ۲۵ تا ۳۲ درجه عرض شمالی و ۵۸ و ۷۰ درجه طول شرقی واقع است و …از شمال به قسمتی از خاک کرمان (نرماشیر) و سیستان و قندهار، از مشرق به پاکستان (رود سند) از جنوب به دریای عمان و از مغرب به کرمان (رودبار و بشاگرد) محدود است و مجموع مساحت آن بالغ بر ۴۷۱۰۰۰ کیلومتر مربع است.” مخبر«بلوچستان» مجله یادگار، سال سوم، شماره چهارم، آذر ۱۳۳۵، ص۲۳″.

ب: کوههای بلوچستان

رشته کوههای جنوب و مرکزی و شرقی ایران در بلوچستان به هم نزدیک شده و یک منطقه کوهستانی که شامل ر شته کوههای موازی است را تشکیل می دهند، ولی این ارتفاعات و برجستگی ها، در همه جا به هم پیوسته نیستند، بلکه حفره ها و حوضه های پست داخلی، این ازتفاعات و کوهها را از همدیگر جدا می کند.”محمد حسن گنجی: ۳۲ مقاله جغرافیایی، تهران، مؤسسه جغرافیایی سحاب ۱۳۵۳، ص۱۵۷″.

رشته ارتفاعات کرمان، که همان امتداد کوه بارز می باشد به طرف ایرانشهر و کوهک و مرکز مکران ادامه یافته و به اسم کوه بم پشت، مرکز مکران را شیار داده و به طرف پنجگور امتداد می یابند و رشته ارتفاعات مکران که باز همان امتداد را طی کرده و پس از طی کلیه مناطق جنوبی به طرف تربت (کیچ) و سند ادامه می یابد. رشته دیگری از نهبندان شروع شده و در جهت شمالی و جنوبی ادامه یافته و پس از گذراندن سیستان در جناح راست خود به سمت خاوری زاهدان متوجه شده و سپس دهلیز سراوان را ایجاد کرده و به اسم کوه سیاهان و کوهک با ر شته های قبلی موازی میگردد.”رزم آرا: جغرافیای نظامی ایران،تهران، انتشارات هنر، بی تا، ص۲۵″. از مهمترین قللی که به هم پیوستن جبال مختلف در این ناحیه تشکیل شده اند، می توان از قله بزمان و قله تفتان نام برد. بزمان ۳۴۹۷ متر و تفتان ۴۰۴۲ متر ارتفاع دارد و این قله تنها آتشفشان نیمه فعال ایران است که از دهانه آن گاز و مواد مذاب گوگردی خارج می شود.”۳۲ مقاله جغرافیایی، ص۱۵۲″. وجود این کوه در این ناحیه بی آب و علف نعمت عظیمی است زیراکه اغلب دره های آن دارای آب نسبتاً فراوان بوده و به همین جهت اراضی مجاور آن قابل زراعت است. از شمال این کوه رود لادز سرچشمه می گیرد و به رود میرجاوه می پیوندد و موجبات تشکیل منطقه ای کشاورزی را فراهم کرده است.”کیهان مسعود: جغرافیای مفصل ایران، تهران، چاپخانه مجلس، ۱۳۱۰، جلد اول ص۵۶″. در بلوچستان غربی چند سلسه جبال دیگر از شمال و جنوب کشیده شده است که مهمترین آنها مورپیچ، بیرک و پیرسوران (پیرشوران یا سیاه بند) دشت کویر را از بلوچستان جدا می کند، همچنین از شمال به سوی شمال غربی، کویر لوت را از این منطقه جدا می سازد.”همان، ص۵۷″.

رشته کوه معروف بم پشت که امتدادش از شرق به غرب است با ارتفاع ۱۷۰۰ متر و کوه سیاهان که از جنوب غربی به طرف شمال شرقی امتداد یافته و بلندترین قله آن ۲۰۰۰ متر ارتفاع دارد بخش دیگری از کوههای بلوچستان را تشکیل می دهند.”مخبر: مجله یادگار، ص۳۵″.

سایر کوههای مهم وقابل ذکر این بخش از بلوچستان عبارتند: از کوه پنج انگشت که در مجاورت خاش و در منطقه مرزی واقع است، کوه فنوج که در غرب کوه لاشار قرار گرفته ، کوه اسپیدان که بین ایرانشهر و زابلی قرار دارد و قله آن به هٍَمُنت معروف است و ۲۳۱۴ متر ارتفاع دارد.”ایرج افشار سیستانی: بلوچستان و تمدن دیرینه آن، تهران، سازمان چاپ و انتشارات وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی، ۱۳۷۱، ۳۲″.

در ناحیه شمال شرقی بلوچستان یعنی مجاور(کویته) سلسه جبالی که از سمت مغرب و جنوب می آید در شمال معبر (بولان) به یکدیگر تلاقی نموده و قلل مرتفع مانند چهل تن با ارتفاع ۳۳۰۵ متر و مردار و تکتو و زرغون را تشکیل می دهد که ارتفاع آنها عموماً از سه هزار متر بیشتر است، در حالی که دشت کویته تا ارتفاع ۱۷۰۰ و کلات۲۰۶۶ متر است و زبانه ای از مرتفعات این کوهها در جنوب کویته تا ساحل ادامه می یابد و قسمت سفلای دره سند را از مکران جدا می سازد.”اسپونر (بلوچستان). دانشنامه جهان اسلام جلد چهارم ص۱۰۱″.

در طرف مغرب نوشکی، ارضی پست و در انتهای آن هامون لوره واقع شده و ازتفاعات عمده این ناحیه که در سمت شمال و در مجاورت سرحد و افغانستان و بلوچستان دیده میشود عبارتند از: کوه چاغئی با ازتفاع ۲۳۲۶متر و رأس کوه ۳۰۱۶ متر که مشرف بر دشت خاران است و کوه سلطانی با ۲۳۲۵متر ارتفاع.”مجله یادگار، ص۲۷″. از آخرین سلسه های شمال بلوچستان، کچه کوه (۲۱۲۱) و کوه ملک سیاه(۱۶۴۲) متر هستند که کوه اخیر مرز مشترک ایران و افغانستان و پاکستان را تشکیل می دهد.”همان”.

در پایان بایداز ارتفاعات سواحل طولانی بلوچستان نام برد، این کوهها، از شن و ماسه تشکیل شده است و مملو از موجودات و حیوانات و گیاهان فسیل شده ای است که به طور دقیق تاریخ قدمت آنها تاکنون معلوم نشده است.”همان”.

سرتوماس هلدیچ در کتاب نقاط مرزی هندوستان در مورد این ارتفاعات نوشته است:((پشته های و توده های خاک رس مطبق و مضرسی که در سواحل بلوچستان زیاد است و بعضی نقاط آن که همچون ستون فقرات نهنگ شکل گرفته است و همچنین نمک های لزجی که در جای جای این منطقه دیده میشود نشان دهنده آن است که دوران های گذشته این سرزمین را آب پوشانده بوده است.)) “یغمایی، اقبال: بلوچستان و سیستان، تهران، انتشارات وزارت فرهنگ و هنر، ۱۳۵۵، ص۹″.

مشخصات اقلیمی و آب و هوای بلوچستان

الف: آب و هوا

بلوچستان به علت این که از جنوبی ترین مناطق ایران یعنی نزدیک ترین قسمت های آن به خط استوا است، منطقه ای گرم به شمار می رود و در تابستان، تمام منطقه بلوچستان در معرض اشعۀ نزدیک به عمودی آفتاب قرار می گیرد، درنتیجه در تمام نقاط به استثنای قسمت های کوهستانی و مرتفع، گرمای نسبتاً شدیدی حکمفرماست.”۳۲مقاله جغرافیایی، ص۱۵۲″.

هرچند که اکثر منابع در مورد بدی آب و هوای بلوچستان اغراق کرده اند و آن را فوق العاده گرم و مرطوب و ناسالم دانسته اند اما امروزه دیگر ثابت شده است که پایین ترین دمای میانگین سالانه بنادر خلیج فارس و دریای عمان در بلوچستان به ثبت رسیده است.

نواحی شمال شرقی از جمله ژوب، لورالایی، پیشین و کویته در دره های رودخانه ای قرار گرفته اند و مناطقی با آب و هوای معتدل به شمار می روند و دارای زمستان های سرد  می باشند و کوههای این ناحیه سه ماه از سال پوشیده از برف است.

ب: ریزش های جوی

بلوچستان در منطقه خشک قرار گرفته است، ولی میزان ریزشهای جویان آن با توجه به ارتفاعات و موقعیت جغرافیایی متفاوت است به نحوی که، میانگین باران سالانه آن از ۵۰ تا ۴۰۰ میلی متر متفاوت است. در حالی که در بخش هایی از جمله میرجاوه ۵۰ میلی متر در سال باران می بارد، میزان بارندگی در ارتفاعات و کوههای بلند شرق و شمال شرقی گاه تا ۴۰۰میلی متر می رسد و حتی در بعضی از بلندی های شرقی بیش از آن است. باران (و برف در کوههای بلند) بیشتر در زمستان می بارد.”دانشنامه جهان اسلام، ص۴/۹۸″.

بادهای موسمی در بلوچستان سبب رطوبت تابستانی و گاهی باران فراوان در سواحل ارضی و کم ارتفاع می شود و باران تابستانی گاهی سیل آساست و در کوهستان ها خسارات فراوان به بار می آورد. باران شدید دشتهای ساحلی را به باتلاقی از گل رس تبدیل می کند که عبور از آن گاه به مدت یک هفته برای انسان و حیوان و سایل موتوری غیر ممکن می شود.”همان، ص۴/۹۸″.

ج: رودهای بلوچستان

کمی مقدار باران سالیانه موجب شده است که در بلوچستان رودهای دایمی و پرآب وجود نداشته باشد و به همین جهت رودهای دایمی از تعداد انگشتان دست تجاوز نمی کند.”ایرج افشار، پیشین، ص۴۲″. و اینگونه رودها نیز خود دو نوع می باشند، بعضی از آنها در سطح زمین جاری و برخی جریانشان زیرزمینی است و بیشتر از زمینها ریگزار عبور می نمایند. برای شناخت رودهایی که در بلوچستان جریان دارد از غرب به شرق به معرفی آنها پرداخته شده است.

۱-  رودخانه سدیچ (سادیچ): این رودخانه از کوههای کوتیچ سرچشمه میگیرد و پس از مشروب ساختن چند آبادی و نخلستان به دریا می ریزد.”همان، ص۴۲″

۲-  رودخانه رابج یا رپیچ: سرچشمه این رودخانه کوههای سرحه و فنوج است و بعد از عبور از تنگه فنوج به سمت بنت جریان می یابد و به اسم بنت فانوچ وارد دریا می شود. و درهنگام بارندگی و جریان آب در این رودخانه گل و لای زیادی نواحی ساحلی را در بر می گیرد، این رودخانه یکی از رودخانه هایی است که داری اهمیت نظامی است.”جغرافیای نظامی مکران، ص۳۰″.

۳-  رود بم پور: این رودخانه از دامنه های دور دست و جنوبی تفتان سرچشمه گرفته و تا ایرانشهر در جهت شمالی جریان دارد، از آن پس وارد جلگه بم پور شده و به طرف جنوب جریان می یابد. این رود چندین مرتبه در زیر رسوبات ماسه ای و نرم جلگه بم پور پنهان شده و دوباره ظاهر میشود و بعد از مشروب نمودن این جلگه به دریاچه فصلی جازموریان می ریزد.”۳۲مقاله جفرافیایی، ص۱۵۳″.

۴-  رودخانه نیک شهر: از ارتفاعات شمالی نیک شهر سر چشمه می گیرد و پس از دریافت شاخۀ فرعی به دریای عمان می ریزد.

۵-  رود باهو کلات (سرباز): این رودخانه پرآب ترین رودی است که در بلوچستان غربی جریان دارد. سرچشمه این رود از جنوب کوه بیرک و کوههای بم پور است و با شعبات بسیار خود بیشتر آبهای جاریی کوهستانی این بخش از بلوچستان را از جذب میکند و پس از مشروب ساختن نواحی سرباز، باهوکلات، پشین و دشت یاری به خلیج گواتر در دریای عمان می ریزد.

طول این رودخانه ۳۱۳ کیلومتر است و نام های محلی آن از سرچشمه تا سرباز، ریگان، از سرباز تا راسک موسوم به سرباز از این نکته تا باهوکلات به نام مزن گور از باهوکلات تا مصب باهه نامیده میشود.” همان، ص۳۹″.

۶-  رود ماشکید (ماشکیل): این رودخانه از ارتفاعات جنوب شرقی خاش سرچشمه می گیرد و بعد از مشروب نمودن بخش زابلی، در نواحی دهوک ـ اسپندک (اسفندک) و کوهک جریان می یابد و پس از عبور از خاران به سوی غرب تغییر مسیر می دهد و سپس به هامون ماشکید می ریزد.

۷-  این رودخانه دشت: این رود از به  هم پیوستن دو رودخانه کیج و نهنگ شکل می گیرد. رود کیچ از ارتفاعات جنوبی مکران مرکزی سر چشمه می گیرد و به طول ۱۵۰ کیلومتر به طرف غرب از میان دو رشته کوه جریان دارد و سپس به نهنگ می پیوندد و از آنجا به سوی جنوب تغییر مسیر می دهد برکرانه های این رود رشته به هم پیوسته ای از واحه ها، مزارع و نخلستان ها قرار دارد.”Britanica Atlas.p.120″۔

رود نهنگ از ارتفاعات جنوبی ناحیه بم پشت سرچشمه می گیرد و بخشی از آن مرز مشترک ایران و پاکستان را تشکیل می دهد.

۸-  رود هِنگُل: این رود یکی از بزرگترین و طولانی ترین رودهایی است که در بلوچستان جریان دارد و ار پیوستن شاخه های دو رودخانه ماشکی و نال تشکیل می شود. رود نال از ارتفاعات جنوب کلات سرچشمه می گیرد و سرچشمه رود ماشکی نواحی جنوبی خاران است. این دو رود بخش هایی از نواحی خضدار (قصدار) و آواران را مشروب نموده و از جایی که به هم می پیوندند هنگل نامیده شده و به طرف دریای عمان جریان می یابد.”Ibid”۔

۹-  پورالی (پورالی نایی): سرچشمه این رود کوههای ناحیه خضدار است و پس از آبیاری دشت لس بلا، در ساحل لیاری در نزدیکی کراچی به دریا می ریزد. ” p-129- Ibid”

10- رود هب: جنوب گنداوه (جهل مکسی) سرچشمه این رودخانه می باشد و بعد از جریان یافتن در بخش های جنوبی خضدار (قصدار) و شرق لس بیلا در شمال کراچی به دریا می ریزد.

Baloch National Movement .

Publicerad 2012-09-04 12:23:09 i Allmänt

Baloch National Movement of Liberation

 

 
Baloch National Movement of Liberation

Waele Khan Bugti




It is a battle which began nearly half a century ago, the very moment when the Punjabies were brought in the Balochistan State. The labour emancipation of the Punjabies was the beginning of an attack of delirium (at the time of British rule they were brought for work over railway tracks). For thereby they were given full citizen rights and superiority to a people which was much more clearly and definitely a race apart than all others, that has always formed and will form a State within the State. That did not happen perhaps at one blow, but it came about as things come about today and always do come about: first a little finger, then a second and a third, and so bit by bit until at last a people that in the eighteenth century still appeared completely alien had won superior citizen rights with ourselves.

And it was precisely the same in the economic sphere. The vast process of the nationalisation of industries and minerals, more's the pity, were not properly dealt with by those whose moral duty it was to concern themselves for welfare of the people. Parallel with this was an outburst 'moneyfication' of the whole of the nation's economic-strength.was in the ascendant, and thus at once the Federation came to control the whole national economy.

The directors of these institutions were, and are without exception, Punjabies. I say 'without exception,' for the few non-Punjabies who had a share in them are in the last resort nothing but screens, shop-window Balochs, whom one needs in order, for the sake of the masses, to keep up the appearance that these institutions were after all founded as a natural outcome of the needs and the economic life of all peoples alike, and were not, as was the fact, institutions which correspond only with the essential characteristics of the Punjabi people and are the outcome of those characteristics.

Punjabies found their control over country in the name of democracy (they became obvious majority after sepration of Bangladesh).Through the press propaganda, through the use of the organs of information, it was possible in Punjab to found the great model parties. Already in those early days they saw to it shrewdly that here were always two or three groups apparently hostile to each other, but in fact all hanging on a gold thread, the whole designed to take account of a human characteristic - that the longer a man possesses an object, the more readily he grows tired of it. He craves something new: therefore one needs two parties. The one is in office, the other in opposition. When the one has played itself out, then the opposition party comes into power, and the party which has had its day is now in its turn the opposition. After Five years the new party itself has once more played itself out and the game begins afresh. In truth this is a highly ingenious mill in which the interests of a nation are ground very small. As everyone knows, this system is given some such name as 'Self-Government of a People.'

In consequence of this widespread aversion it was more difficult for the People to spread infection in the political sphere, and especially so since traditionally loyalty was centered in a person: the form of the State became a monarchy, and power did not lie with the people which resulted in unrest . Thus the Punjabi saw that here it was possible for an enlightened despotism to arise based upon the army, and the bureaucracy, once again.

The energy sources of industrielist economy at that time till date are almost exclusively in Baloch Land, big business and the new industries are based upon the natural gas, while the last reservoir of a people's strength strength in Balochistan, the democratic tribal norms, were changed into monarchy. In such conditions , as the industry grows, the resistence of people may get ropable and thus they could easily eliminate it by monarchic forces , but to their misfortune all these forces converted to be "more Baloch " then an " ordinary Baloch".Then there arises the danger that this diverted monarchic estate might ally itself with with the people would be ready and willing to give a mortal blow to those powers of Punjabil supra-State finance. This was not impossible: in the history of Balochs had from time to time found themselves forced, to turn against the invasion and seek popular support.

But this possibility constituted a grave danger for Punjabism. If the great masses of the new opressed youngmen had come into Nationalist hands and had penetrated the whole Baloch nation, The liberation of Balochs owes its glories only to sons of soil. It is entirely alien to the Punjab.The Punjabi people in itself stands against us as our deadly foe and so will stand against us always and for all time.

The master-stroke of the Punjabies was to claim the leadership of the estate: he founded the Movement of the democracy and support of armed & civil beurocracy on paralal.His policy was multifolded: he had his 'apostles' in both camps.At first : In the armed camps he encouraged those features which were most repugnant to the people - the passion for money, unscrupulous methods in trade which were employed so ruthlessly as to give rise to the proverb 'Business, too, marches over corpses.' And the armed forces attacked the people of Balochistan.The result was that in a short time it was precisely the ruling class which became in its character completely estranged from its own people. And this fact gave the Punjabi his opportunity with the polatical parties. Here he played the part of the common demagogue.blesseing in disguise it enabled us to drive away in disgust the whole leadership of the pro-punjabies.So the true Baloch leadership is prepared to make sacrifices, it will do anything for the life of the people, but it cannot believe in the mad view of denial of that national life,or a refusal to defend the rights of one's own people.They support the upraised national resistance to the foreigner,through which it is possible to raise up a people and make it happy.

And the Punjabi`s second instrument was the self defined Islamic theory in and for itself. For directly to eliminate the physical borders of ones land as they started to preach the Islamic brotherhood.One went on to assert that resources as such is theft, deliberatly redefined,( i am using the word redefined because in original defination of a countery they were obviously foreigners to baloch land ) the concept of countery to take advantage of the obvious formula that the natural wealth of a country can and should be common property.Immediately the economic intelligentsia with its nationalist outlook could, here too, no longer co-operate: for this intelligentsia was bound to say to itself that this theory meant the collapse of any civilization in open the ways for invasion whatever . Now ,more and more so to influence the masses that he persuaded those of the Islamic forces that the faults of the Sardars were the faults of the Nationalists, and similarly he made it appear to those of the Nationalists that the faults of the Islamic Forces were simply the faults of the so-called 'Mulla' and neither side noticed that on both sides the faults were the result of a scheme planned by alien devilish agitators. And only so is it possible to explain how this dirty joke of Baloch history could come to be that setteled Punjabies should become the leaders of Balochs. It is a gigantic fraud: world history has seldom seen its like.

And then we must ask ourselves: what are the final aims of this development?

So soon as thousands of men have had it hammered into them that they are so oppressed and enslaved that it matters not what their personal attitude may be to their people, their State, or economic life, then a kind of passive resistance must result, which sooner or later will do fatal damage to the national economy. Through the preaching of the Islamic economic theory the national economy must go to ruin. We see the results in Afghanistan.So the process is furthered through the organization of the 'political strike.' Often there are adequate economic grounds for a strike, but there are always political grounds and plenty of them.

And one can see constantly how wonderfully the Army of Punjab and the Polatical leader of the punjab ,co-operate. They both pursue one common policy and a single aim. Cheif of Army Staff on the one side encourages his association to refuse the Baloch demands and tries to crush them, while his brother Chodhries in the Parliament tries to persuade us that bread is dearer.

How long can this process last? It means the utter destruction not only of economic life, but of the people. It is clear that all these apostles who talk their tongues out of their heads, but who spend the night in the Hotel Bhorban, travel in Airconditioned mercedes , and spend their leave for their health in Europe - these people do not exert their energies for love of the people. No, the people is not to profit, it shall merely be brought into dependence on these men. The backbone of its independence, its own economic life, is to be destroyed, that it may the more surely relapse into the golden fetters of the perpetual interest-slavery of the Punjabi race. And this process will end when suddenly out of the masses someone arises who seizes the leadership, finds other comrades and fans into flame the passions which have been held in check and looses them against the deceivers.

That is the lurking danger, and the Punjabis can meet it in one way only - by destroying the hostile national intelligentsia. That is the inevitable ultimate goal of the Punjabi in his so called "Sab Say Pahlay Pakistan"(the Pakistan first) slogan. And this aim he must pursue; he knows well enough his economics brings no blessing: his is no master people: he is an exploiter: the Punjabis are a people of robbers. He has never founded any civilization, (they may claim the texila harappa civilizations but as a matter of fact these belong to indus vally civilization era not the punjabi civilizations) though he has destroyed civilizations . He possesses nothing of his own creation to which he can point. Everything that he has is stolen. Baloch resources build him his industrial empires, it is Indus water which enables it to produce so called bumper crops (it may be reminded that punjab had already sold out its three rivers ) .urdu speakings who sacrifised and work for him shed their blood for Punjabis so called Pakistan.He knows no 'proper army': he has but only a group of wild people who can only n only kill the poor civilians.Who are ready to go to any wilderness in Balochistan.All that the Punjabi cannot do. And because he cannot do it, therefore all his voices must be 'Sab say pahlay Pakistan.' They must spread as a pestilence spreads. He can build no State and say 'See there, there stands the State, a model for all. Now let we copy it!' He must take care that the plague does not die, that it is not limited to one place, or else in a short time this plague-hearth would burn itself out. So he is forced to bring every mortal thing to so called Pakistan and national intrest expansion. For how long? Until the whole Pakistan sinks in ruins and brings him down with it in the midst of the ruins. so the genocide starts and punjabi started to kill Balochs .



It is a tragic fate:role of the punjabi driven and controled media : if any of Punjabi dies during the money making process in Balochistan they raise a mighty howl over 'the sacrifice of valuable human blood' , and here in the Balochistan six million human beings are being slowly martyred - done to death, some on the scaffold, hundreds of tens by machine guns , tens of thousands through starvation. A whole people is dying, and now we can perhaps understand how it was possible that formerly all the civilizations of Mesopotamia disappeared without a trace so that one can only with difficulty find in the desert sand the remains of these cities. We see how in our own day whole countries die out under this scourge of God, and we see how this scourge is threatening Balochistan, too, and how with us our own people in mad infatuation is contributing to bring upon itself the same yoke, the same misery.

In despair when we considered the situation which left us quite defenseless in face of Punjab which is so hostile to Balochistan ? and is it just Punjabi who is hostile ? we see how over there in Punjab it is not only the the people against us , it is the secret power of the orgnised press which ceaselessly pours new poison in to the hearts of other people as well.Who are then these bandits of the press? Our own brothers and the relatives corrospondents and columnists for their newspapers. And the capital source which provides the energy which here - and there - drives them forward is the Punjabi dream of Entire Supremacy.

Now the time changed we got few but worthy forums to counter the Punjabi media ,The masses of the people in Balochistan are becoming, in the political sphere, completely reborn.Here and there people are beginning to get some practice in criticism. Slowly, cautiously, and yet with a certain accuracy the finger is being placed on the real wound of our people. And thus one comes to realize: if only this development goes on for a time, it might be possible that from Eastren Balochistan the light should come which is destined to light both Eastren and the Western Balochistan to their salvation.

It is said, if one criticizes the state of affairs to which we have been brought today, that one is a terrorist . I ask you what would probably have been the state of Balochistan today if during these years there had been no criticism at all? I believe that in fact there has been far, far too little criticism. our people unfortunately is much too uncritical or otherwise it would long ago have not only seen through many things but would have swept them away with its fist. The crisis getting developed towards its culmination. The day is not far distant when, for the reasons which I have stated, the Baloch Liberation Movement must be carried forward to final step.

Whether for the moment it comes to them under that name or under another, the fact is that everywhere more and more it is making headway. Today all these folk cannot yet belong to a single party, but, wherever you go, in Balochistan, yes almost in the whole Balochistan, you find already thousands of thinking men who know that a State can be built only on a Baloch Nationalist foundation and they know also that the deadly foe of every Baloch National conception is thePunjabi.

Every truly national idea is in the last resort Baloch Nationalist, i.e., he who is prepared so completely to adopt the cause of his people that he really knows no higher ideal than the prosperity of this - his own - people, he who has so taken to heart the meaning of our great song 'Ma chukhoon Balochani' that nothing in this world stands for him higher than this Balochistan, people and land, land and people, he is a Baloch Nationalist! And he who in this people sympathizes with the poorest of its citizens, who in this people sees in every individual a valuable member of the whole nation, and who recognizes that this nation can flourish only when it is formed not of rulers and oppressed but when all according to their capacities fulfill their duty to their motherland and the nation of the people and are valued accordingly, he who seeks to preserve the native vigor, the strength, and the youthful energy of the millions of Balochs, and who above all is concerned that our precious possession, our youth, should not before its time be used up in unhealthy harmful work - He is National in the highest sense of that word.

It is the teaching of these facts which appears to the Punjabis as rulers of the Pakistan today to constitute a threatening danger. And it is precisely this which more than anything else makes the Punjabi wish to get in his blow as soon as possible. For one thing he knows quite well: in the last resort there is only one danger which he has to fear-and that danger is this Liberation Movement.

He knows the pro-punjabi parties. They are easily satisfied. Only endow them with a few seats as ministers or with similar posts and they are ready to go along with you. And in especial he knows one thing: they are so innocently stupid. In their case the truth of the old saying is proved afresh every day: 'Those whom the gods wish to destroy, they first strike with blindness.' They have been struck with blindness: therefore it follows that the gods wish to destroy them.Some other parties and their leaders, they are indeed not Pro-punjabies but due to their gentelness,they never go to the roots of the evil,they all still think that with forbearance, with humanity, with accommodation they can fight a battle.Do uthink if they ever succeed.

No! A thousand times No! Here there are only two possibilities: either victory or defeat!

What today is the meaning of these great preparations for the decisive battle on the part of Punjabism?-

To make the nation defenseless in arms and to make the people defenseless in spirit.

Two great aims!

Abroad Baloch is already humiliated. The Nation trembles before every Punjabi -captain, the nation is no longer dangerous. And within Balochistan they have seen to it that arms should be taken away from the decent elements of the people and that in their stead Punjabi and Pro-Punjabi bands should be armed. Only one thing remains still to do: viz., the muzzling of the spirit, above all the arrest of the evil 'agitators' - that is the name they give to those who dare to tell the people the truth. Not only are their organizations to be known to all, but the innocent masses are to be incited against their persons. Just as the Punjabi could once incite the mob of innocent Gawaderies against Balochs and made them to observe strikes and rallies, so today he must succeed in inciting folk who have been duped into madness to attack those who, God's truth! seek to deal with this people in utter honesty and sincerity. And so he begins to intimidate them, and he knows that this pressure in itself is enough to shut the mouths of hundreds, yes, of thousands. For they think, if I only hold my tongue, then I shall be safe in case they come into power. No, my friend. The only difference will be that I may hang perhaps still talking, while you will hang - in silence. Here, too, History can give us countless examples, and with us it will be the same story.

We know that the so-called "Law of 16 MPO " which comes from army camps today is nothing else than a means for reducing all criticism to silence. We know, too, that no effort will be spared so that the last outstanding personalities - those who within Baloch foresee the coming of disaster - shall in good time disappear. And to that end the population of Balochistan will be scourged into opposition to Nationalists every lie and every misrepresentation that comes to hand. Up there they have the feeling that in no corner of spirit of the Baloch people is not yet broken. And that is the point to which we Nationalists have to grapple ourselves. We Nationalists are, God's truth! perhaps the most loyal, the most devoted of all men to our Baloch motherland. For the years we have waged a war, often against death and devil, but always only for our Baloch motherland. We got so far that at the last, as crown of all our labors, we had to land in prisons , or recived the bullets . But in spite of everything there is one thing we would say: We do make a distinction between a Pro-Punjabi Government and the Baloch Motherland. When today here some lousy youth casts in our teeth the charge that we have no loyalty to the development of Motherland, I beg you do not distress yourselves. The Baloch people has sealed its loyalty to theMotherland with its freedom fighters which fought and still fighting for the Motherland.We are convinced, and that in the last resort is our one great faith, that out of this bitterest distress and this utter misery the Baloch sovereignty will rise soon, but not as now, not as the offspring of wretchedness and misery - we shall possess once again a true Balochi concept of freedom and of honor, a real motherland of the whole Baloch people and not an asylum for alien swindlers. There is today constant talk about 'Federalism,' etc. I beg you not to abuse the Baloch cause while at the same time you grovel before the Punjabis, but show yourselves stiff-necked against the folk of Punjab. And if you do that, then you will have on your side in the whole of Balochs , whether they be Sarawanians or men of Jhalawan . Now is the hour to stand stiff-necked and resist to the last!

We Nationalists who for the years have done nothing but faught - abused and insulted by traitors, by some mocked and scorned, by others traduced and slandered - we cannot retreat! For us there is only one path which leads straight ahead. We know that the fight which now is blazing will be a hard struggle. It will not be fought out in a Parliament at Islamabad, it will be fought out through those factors which in their hard reality have ever up to the present time made history.

On one point there should be no doubt: we will not let the Punjabi slit our gullets and not defend ourselves. Today in Islamabad they may already be arranging their festival-dinners with the Pro-Punjabi politicians of Balochistan - that they will never do here. They may today begin to set up the Border Forces , announce the NFC awards,Activate NAB, they may give ISI & MI a free scope, we surrender to such Punjabi forces ? never! We have the conviction, firm as a rock, that, if in this State Baloch youngmen are determined to stand by their 'No' to the very last, the evil specter will collapse into nothingness . For what Balochistan needs today, what Balochistan longs for ardently, is a symbol of power, and strength.

So as I come to the end of my speech I want to ask something of those among you who are young. And for that there is a very special reason. The old parties train their youth in the gift of the gab, we prefer to train them to use their bodily strength parallel to the philosphical studies. For I tell you: the young man who does not find his way to the place where in the last resort the destiny of his people is most truly represented, this time involves in pets (Baloch in region of Jacobabd and Larkana take keen intrest in the pets like Bull races )or sits at home by the fire, he is no Baloch youth! I call upon you! Join our Armed Divisions! And however many insults and slanders you may hear if you do join, you all know that the Armed Divisions have been formed for our protection, for your protection, and at the same time not merely for the protection of the Liberation Movement, but for the protection of a Balochistan that is to be. If you are reviled and insulted, good luck to you, my dear fellows! You have the good fortune already at early thirties of age to be hated by the greatest of scoundrels. What others can win only after a lifetime of toil, this highest gift of distinguishing between the honest man and the brigand, falls as a piece of luck into your lap while you are but youths. You can be assured that the more they revile you, the more we respect you. We know that if you were not there, none of us would write next time. We know, we see clearly that our Movement would be cudgelled down if you did not protect it! You are the defense of a Movement that is called one day to remodel Balochistan in revolutionary fashion from its very foundations in order that there may come to birth what perhaps so many expected our age : a Sovereign Baloch Stat and , so far as in us lies, a Baloch Republic.

Every battle must be fought to the end - better that it come early than late. And he ever stands most securely who from the first goes to the fight with the greatest confidence. And this highest confidence we can carry with us in our hearts. For he who on our side is today the leader of the Baloch people, God's truth! he has nothing to win but perhaps only everything to lose. He who today fights on our side cannot win great laurels, far less can he win great material goods - it is more likely that he will end up in jail. He who today is leader must be an idealist, if only for the reason that he leads those against whom it would seem that everything has conspired.

But in that very fact there lies an inexhaustible source of strength. The conviction that our Movement is not sustained by money or the lust for gold, but only by our love for the people,for motherland, that must ever give us fresh heart, that must ever fill us with courage for the fray.

To sum up, take with you this assurance: if this battle should not come, never would Baloch win sovereignty. Balochistan would decay and at the best would sink to ruin like a rotting corpse. But that is not our destiny. We do not believe that this misfortune which today our God sends over Balochistan has no meaning: it is surely the scourge which should and shall drive us to a new greatness, to a new power and glory, to a Balochistan which for the first time shall fulfill that which in their hearts millions of the best of our fellow countrymen have hoped for through the century, to the Balochistan of the Baloch people!

Balochistan Sawez baat.
 

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Publicerad 2012-09-02 22:17:00 i Allmänt


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Balochistan Archaeology,foto_2

Publicerad 2012-05-10 00:01:00 i Allmänt

The latest findings from the Joint German-Pakistani Archaeology Mission to Kalat, Balochistan 1996-2000Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #11Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #7Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #6Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #10Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #4Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #3Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #99Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #5Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #94bArchaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #93Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #92Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #94Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #85Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #87Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #83Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #79Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #73Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #72Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #69Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #84Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #68Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #66Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #67Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #64Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #53Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #65Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #40Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #39Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #36Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #62Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #34Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #33Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #32Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #31Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #35Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #26Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #25Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #22Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #18Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #17Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #16Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #15Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #14Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #12Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #11
| 5 The Third Millenium BC: 3000 - 2500 BC |

| Niai Buthi |
 
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
Niai Buthi is the most impressive early 3rd millennium BC site in the plain of Las Bela. It is 13 hectares large and 13 meters high (32). Two trenches were opened in 1999 (3334,35).

Virgin soil was not reached, but the levels exposed at plain level correspond to the last phase of occupation at Adam Buthi. In addition to purplish slipped unpainted pottery, Togau B and Kechi Beg pottery was found (36). Two trenches were opened in 1999 (373839). During the early 3rd millennium BC. the site reached its maximum extension. Well-built stone and mud brick architecture was exposed in the sections and on the surface. In the east, several stone-lined hearths and dump pits containing animal bones and a large number of discarded and broken pots were excavated (40, 41, 42).
 
 


Apart from the typical buff "Nal"-pottery with black paint, fine orange and coarser household wares (43,44), polychrome vessels, partly still complete, were unearthed (45, 46, 47, 48). 

A single Faiz-Mohammad Grey ware sherd (49) and a chlorite fragment with an imbricate design are important finds since they provide cultural links to the north and the west. The pottery changes through the levels. Polychrome sherds are outlasted by monochrome Nal wares and in the upper layers of trench II carinated bowls with hammer-head rims and reddish-brownish slips foreshadow the later Kulli pottery (50). A typical motif is the single-bracket design which becomes a hallmark of the late 3rd millennium BC occupation (51, 52).
 
 
| Balakot |

Balakot, which is located in the southeastern Bela plain, was excavated between 1973 and 1976 by G.F.Dales, of the University of California, Berkeley. It is the only properly excavated site in the region. Despite its small size (ca. 4.5 hectares), the site is thus of crucial importance due to its long Early Harappan cultural sequence which is now dated to between 3100/3000 and 2600 BC. It is the southernmost findspot of Quetta- and Nal-pottery, but has also many affinities to Amri in Lower Sindh. 

Although the transition to the Harappan period (II) is stratigraphically not very clear, there appears to be a gap. Despite some pottery forms which continue into the later third millennium BC, the classical Harappan pottery appears suddenly and fully fledged at the site. Kulli elements are also present, but not as pronounced as at Nindowari or the many Kulli sites found in the Kanrach, Hab- and Saruna Valleys.
 
 
| Murda Sang |  
 
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
Murda Sang is the largest prehistoric site in the Kanrach Valley (53). It was discovered in 1997 and trial trenched in 1998. The nucleus of the settlement consists of houses grouped along lanes and streets. This central portion is about 6ha large, but scattered occupation and a kiln area cover altogether ca. 35ha. The eastern edge is eroded by the Kanrach River (55). Two dams were found to the north of the site and we assume that fields were located there. The site and the whole valley are overlooked by a fortification built on top of a terrace hill at the southern edge of the site.
 
 
The soundings revealed two main periods of occupation, the lower with three very compact building phases, the upper one with two. The ground was terraced with gravel and pottery before construction.  
 
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
The ground was terraced with gravel and pottery before construction. Houses have a stone foundation, but mudbricks were also used (54, 56), the roof was covered with mud-smeared reed. The pottery from the earlier occupation is very similar to that from the earlier levels of Balakot I (57, 58, 59, 60).

An AMS date run on charcoal suggests a dating into the very early third millennium BC. After 2700/2600 the site was abandoned. The uppermost, badly preserved occupation dates to the later Kulli period. Very small parts of the site were re-used during the late Islamic or British period. A very large platform-house site of the Historic Period was built over scattered houses and possibly fields north of the main settlement.
 
 
A sounding revealed a sequence of finely banded sand and mud layers (61). This evidence and the accumulation of humus above the old gravel surface indicate frequent flooding (62). Most probably, the river and wadis which have deeply cut their bed into the rock, flew at a very different level 5000 years ago. A substantial change in the topography and drainage pattern since the 3rd millennium BC thus appears likely. > 6  
Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #100Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #97Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #95Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #89Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #88Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #86Archaeology of Ancient Balochistan: Slide #28
 
| 2  Introduction |
 
Kanrach Valley, BalochistanThe prehistoric period was certainly the most prosperous period in this cycle: during in the earlier 2nd millennium BC, the settlements were abandoned and no human traces left, whereas after a short intermezzo during the Historic Period, the sites clearly reflect that away from the cultural, economic, and political centers, migratory pastoralism and a nomadic life-style was the only mode of subsistence and land use.

The earliest site, Adam Buthi, dates to the 4th millennium, but the early 3rd millennium BCwas a period of growth in terms of number and size of settlements. Many sites appear to be associated with dams.
 
 
 
Kanrach Valley, Balochistan
The pattern is very similar during the later 3rd millennium, but then occupation was either restricted to a small area of an earlier site, or sites were newly founded. This late Kulli occupation to which the largest number of sites in southern Balochistan belong, co-existed with the Indus Civilization (Kanri Buthi).

The presence of quite a number of town-like settlements added a new and unexpected dimension to this cultural complex and to an area which sofar had remained in the shadow of the Indus Civilization. These new and exciting findings require a rethinking of models of interaction and center-periphery relations between these two areas.
 
 
After 1900/1800 BC the Indus Civilization disintegrated into several regional cultural complexes. In southeastern Balochistan, however, the settlements and irrigation systems were abandoned. No sites dating to the subsequent centuries were found.

The only possible explanations are major population movements or a large-scale and enduring shift in subsistence economy and lifestyle. However, while the transition to a mobile lifestyle is attested to by hundreds of camp sites during the Islamic period, the second millennium BC is devoid of any human remains.
 
 
Likewise, none of the known regions experienced a massive influx of people during that time. On the contrary, areas such as Sindh and Punjab obviously experienced the same development.  
 
Balochistan
The next traces of settled life date to the so-called Historic Period. However, although some of the Achaemenian and Greek, Mauryan, Kushana, and Sasanian rulers and historians mention southern Balochistan in their records, archaeological correlates for their presence are rare: Settlement types, pottery and small finds are rather unknown and if no coins are at hand, dating is a hazarduous undertaking (Hadera Dhan). Diagnostic links to the north, where Pirak and the Swat Valley are well explored and Buddhist sites flourished have yet to be found.
 
 
The large number of prehistoric settlements, the size and sophisticated lay-out of some of them came as a surprise: nowadays the area is barren and inhabited by a few people. Interestingly, the sites indicate that a development from village to town and then to camp, and from agriculture to migratory pastoralism took place.  
 
Kanrach Valley, Balochistan
The Islamic Period is marked by a few settlements and fortifications which are located in central areas of Las Bela and Sindh Kohistan or strategic positions in the Hab Valley (13), while no sites other than seasonal camps (14) which are marked by hundreds of "stone benches" and sherd clusters were found In the interior mountain valleys.

These sites date to the 12/13th century AD, the 17/18th cent. and the British Period. The transition to a tribal society, and several conflicts and raids between different tribes and ethnic groups which also caused large-scale migrations were probably major forces behind this development. The Historic and Islamic Period are times of both cultural and economic growth, and of political strength and conflicts.
 
 
BalochistanMany sites in Sindh, Punjab, and the NWFP mirror this development in one way or the other. Both affected the administrative and political centers, among which Bela, Nal-Kaikanan, and Khuzdar are the most important in this region, but not the remote mountain areas which until very recently were the sole domain of migrating tribes and clans. > 3  
 
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
The plain of Las Bela, or the Porali trough, is a triangular lowland embankment. Only in this plain true mounds are found. Sites located on the gravel plains have very shallow cultural deposits. Despite the rather fertile environment, the number of sites was surprisingly low.

The most important prehistoric settlements are Adam Buthi, Niai Buthi, and Balakot. Balakot which is located 80km south of Bela on the Khurkera plain, is the only prehistoric settlement south of Bela. Adam Buthi, Muridani and sites dated to the Historic period and the so-called Edith Shahr A and B Complexes are situated north of Bela, closer to the mountains bordering the plain towards Jhalawan, while Niai Buthi lies more towards west. These zones are environmentally very different (16).
 
 
Southern Las Bela, Balochistan
Apart from one Islamic site, Kaiara Kot, which was first noted by A. Stein, and sites dating back to the British Period, the southern central and eastern portions of Las Bela are devoid of archaeological sites. This part is flooded during rains and, south of Sirinda Lake, through tidal waters, turning the whole area into a large, inaccessable mud plain (17).

These conditions seem to make the presence of sites unlikely, but, considering the fact, the the plain level on the Khurkera plain has risen since 3000 BC by about 8m, lower sites might well be buried under sediments in the central portion. The sedimentation rate appears to be much lower there, but the palaeo-drainage pattern of the perennial Porali and its tributaries and overflow channels has not yet been studied. > 4
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
Adam Buthi is the earliest site discovered in southeastern Balochistan (18, 19).

It was occupied around the mid-4th millennium BC and abandoned around 3000 BC, well before the height of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
 
 
Southern Las Bela, Balochistan

It is a small (0.14 hectares), but high mound (7.5 meters). The sections revealed several phases of super-imposed, well-built stone houses terraced along the slope of the mound (20, 21, 22).

Pottery is not very abundant.
 
 
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
The vessels are partly handmade, but the slow wheel was also used (23, 24). The shapes and the shiny red to violet slips resemble Kile Ghul Mohammad pottery from northern Balochistan, but, in general, the assemblage is a distinctive local production. The surface of the site is covered with several blades and flakes indicating an extensive silex industr
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
Niai Buthi is the most impressive early 3rd millennium BC site in the plain of Las Bela. It is 13 hectares large and 13 meters high (32). Two trenches were opened in 1999 (3334,35).

Virgin soil was not reached, but the levels exposed at plain level correspond to the last phase of occupation at Adam Buthi. In addition to purplish slipped unpainted pottery, Togau B and Kechi Beg pottery was found (36). Two trenches were opened in 1999 (373839). During the early 3rd millennium BC. the site reached its maximum extension. Well-built stone and mud brick architecture was exposed in the sections and on the surface. In the east, several stone-lined hearths and dump pits containing animal bones and a large number of discarded and broken pots were excavated (40, 41, 42).
 
 


Apart from the typical buff "Nal"-pottery with black paint, fine orange and coarser household wares (43,44), polychrome vessels, partly still complete, were unearthed (45, 46, 47, 48). 

A single Faiz-Mohammad Grey ware sherd (49) and a chlorite fragment with an imbricate design are important finds since they provide cultural links to the north and the west. The pottery changes through the levels. Polychrome sherds are outlasted by monochrome Nal wares and in the upper layers of trench II carinated bowls with hammer-head rims and reddish-brownish slips foreshadow the later Kulli pottery (50). A typical motif is the single-bracket design which becomes a hallmark of the late 3rd millennium BC occupation (51, 52).
 
 
| Balakot |

Balakot, which is located in the southeastern Bela plain, was excavated between 1973 and 1976 by G.F.Dales, of the University of California, Berkeley. It is the only properly excavated site in the region. Despite its small size (ca. 4.5 hectares), the site is thus of crucial importance due to its long Early Harappan cultural sequence which is now dated to between 3100/3000 and 2600 BC. It is the southernmost findspot of Quetta- and Nal-pottery, but has also many affinities to Amri in Lower Sindh. 

Although the transition to the Harappan period (II) is stratigraphically not very clear, there appears to be a gap. Despite some pottery forms which continue into the later third millennium BC, the classical Harappan pottery appears suddenly and fully fledged at the site. Kulli elements are also present, but not as pronounced as at Nindowari or the many Kulli sites found in the Kanrach, Hab- and Saruna Valleys.
 
 
| Murda Sang |  
 
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
Murda Sang is the largest prehistoric site in the Kanrach Valley (53). It was discovered in 1997 and trial trenched in 1998. The nucleus of the settlement consists of houses grouped along lanes and streets. This central portion is about 6ha large, but scattered occupation and a kiln area cover altogether ca. 35ha. The eastern edge is eroded by the Kanrach River (55). Two dams were found to the north of the site and we assume that fields were located there. The site and the whole valley are overlooked by a fortification built on top of a terrace hill at the southern edge of the site.
 
 
The soundings revealed two main periods of occupation, the lower with three very compact building phases, the upper one with two. The ground was terraced with gravel and pottery before construction.  
 
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
The ground was terraced with gravel and pottery before construction. Houses have a stone foundation, but mudbricks were also used (54, 56), the roof was covered with mud-smeared reed. The pottery from the earlier occupation is very similar to that from the earlier levels of Balakot I (57, 58, 59, 60).

An AMS date run on charcoal suggests a dating into the very early third millennium BC. After 2700/2600 the site was abandoned. The uppermost, badly preserved occupation dates to the later Kulli period. Very small parts of the site were re-used during the late Islamic or British period. A very large platform-house site of the Historic Period was built over scattered houses and possibly fields north of the main settlement.
 
 
A sounding revealed a sequence of finely banded sand and mud layers (61). This evidence and the accumulation of humus above the old gravel surface indicate frequent flooding (62). Most probably, the river and wadis which have deeply cut their bed into the rock, flew at a very different level 5000 years ago. A substantial change in the topography and drainage pattern since the 3rd millennium BC thus appears likely. > 6  
y (25, 26,27). > 5
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
After Mohammad Ibn al-Qasim had conquered Makran and Sindh in 712 AD, many sites continued, or started, to flourish (113, 114, 115, 116). However, as during the previous times, very little is known about the peripheral and remote areas.

In Sindh Kohistan, the Hab Valley, and in the plain of Las Bela we found the remains of a few settlements or fortifications which can be dated to the 12th/13th and the 17th/18th century AD, but in the Kanrach, Bahlol and Loi Valleys no such sites were discovered.
 
 

The only remains are hundreds of camp sites, marked by a few stones which were aligned to benches, and by a few potsherds (117, 118, 119).
 
 

The pottery is similar to types found in southern Sindh, in the Indus delta and in Banbhore. The date applied to this red micaceous, black painted pottery ranges between the 13th and 18th century AD.

Whether this shift to pastoralism is related to the immigration of the Baluch tribes from the west, to the invasion of Turkish tribes such as the Ghaznavids and Mongols who destroyed the oasis cultures of interior Makran and caused larger population movements towards Sindh, or to an overall change in the economic, social and political structure is unknown.
 
 
In the 17th century AD, Mir Ahmad, the leader of a Brahui tribal confederation founded the Ahmadzai Khanat of Kalat, to whom the Jam of Bela paid tribute.  
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
Most sites in northern and central Balochistan were abandoned around 2600 BC. This development is probably related to the expansion of the Indus Civilization. Southern Balochistan, however, continued to be inhabited by a people labelled "Kulli."

This cultural complex is named after a site in Kolwa which was discovered by Aurel Stein. Since then, several other sites became known from Makran to southern Kalat, to Nausharo in the Kachhi plain, and to the eastern foot of the Kirthar Range in southwestern Sindh. Some motifs and vessel shapes found in southeastern Iran and on the Arabian Peninsula, are sometimes also linked to the Kulli and seen as indications for long-distance contacts.
 
 

Several Kulli sites were discovered in our survey area (64). As a matter of fact, this phase coincided with the maximum number of settlements. The large number of settlements alon with the developed plan and large size of a couple of sites, in particular in the Hab- Saruna Valley, added a new and unexpected dimension to this complex.

The lay-out of some sites resemble the plan of Harappan sites: Rows of houses are built along lanes and streets, which are sometimes paved. Sometimes, stairs provide access to upper terraces (65). Building materials were large ashlars or boulders, and the houses are often preserved to a considerable height.
 

Many of these sites are located in strategic positions, on top of mountains or terrace hills, overlooking the valleys and controlling the plains and passes (66). Other sites are small hamlets built in the open plain. Although they have no defenses, they are of a very compact appearance. Most sites are associated with dams.
 
 
| Bakkar Buthi |

Bakkar Buthi is a small Harappan site located in the Kanrach Valley, a remote area bordered by the Mor and Pab Ranges.
 
 
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
The site overlooks the valley from a terrace hill above the Kharari River, near the watershed of the Windar River (67). It was founded on the alluvium, but a small early third millennium BC site was discovered across the Kharari. Bakkar Buthi comprises of a fortified southern part and a couple of houses and working spaces which are obviously related to chert production to the north (68).

Two trenches dug in 1998 revealed several building phases built above a fine grained alluvial silt deposit (69)). Whereas the mudbrick and stone walls of the earlier phases were well-built (70, 71), the standards decline in the uppermost level where pottery and broken stones were also used for building (72).
 
 
The site is remarkable for its lay-out and the predominantly Harappan character of the pottery. Much of the pottery is identical to pottery from urban centers such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, but wasters indicate also a local production (73, 74, 75, 76, 77). Kulli elements (78, 79) are more prominent than at Balakot, but, altogether, the assemblage is clearly different from that found on "classical" Kulli sites. A date between ca. 2400 and 2000 BC is supported by the radiocarbon samples. (80, 81, 82, 83, 84).  
 
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
About 200m to the south, in an old and now dry meander of the Kharari River an impressive dam blocked the river just before its entrance to the Kanrach Valley. The huge dam which is the easternmost in a series of three dams, betrays a well advanced level of hydraulic engineering (85).
 
 
Greater Hab Valley |

Following the Hab River from its mouth at the Arabian Sea towards north, the wide and fertile valley slowly rises and becomes intersected by spurs and several tributaries. North of the Bhootani Petrol Station, at the entrance to the Wirahab Valley, the typical topographical features, such as large north-south running river valleys and steeply rising mountain ranges take shape. The Andhar Range (86) which is marked by a flat top and deep fissures, rises to 1250m amsl, while the Kirthar and Khude Ranges reach 1400 meters and 1600 meters above seal level. The Hab Valley is wider and less steep than the Kanrach Valley. It thus has better potential for the accumulation of sediments and agriculture.
 
 
During the surveys carried out in 1998 and 1999, 106 sites were discovered. Chronologically and culturally, they belong to the same horizon as the sites in the Kanrach Valley and the Las Bela plain. No real mounds were found, but, in general, the settlements tend to be larger than in the other areas (87,88), and in Sind Kohistan. This is in particular true for the Kulli sites which cluster in large numbers between Dureji and Barag, and at points where tributaries such as the Loi, Bahlol, and Saruna Rivers enter the Hab Valley.

Nowhere were similarly large, nucleated towns found in such large numbers (89, 90, 91, 92). These settlements apparently formed a network controlling the access routes between Sindh and interior Balochistan. Unvariably, they are associated with dams, some of which are true masterpieces of construction (93, 94, 94b).

The pottery and objects found at these sites are clearly related to Harappan types (95, 96,97, 98), but the fabric is usually coarser, the variety of shapes and motifs is smaller, and a number of local elements are also present. > 7
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
Subsequent to the Kulli occupation, all sites in southeastern Balochistan were abandoned. Not even remains of camp sites were discovered. The next archaeological traces belong to the so-called Historic Period. Very little is known about this time beyond the few cultural, religious, and political centers which are located in the northern areas of Pakistan, and in Punjab and Sindh.

 

The lack of archaeological correlates to historic references dating back to Achaemenian, Greek, Parthian, Sasanian, Hindu and Buddhist times, makes the dating of these remains difficult and only very slowly a cultural sequence takes shape. The sites belong to three different structural, cultural, and probably chronological horizons.
 
 

Northern Las Bela and the Kanrach Valley produced a number of enigmatic large and small sites with a very peculiar architecture and plan. Up to 120 structures, which can reach lengths of more than 40 meters without being more than 6 meters wide, were built on rectangular boulder and gravel platforms oriented along the cardinal axes. Their lay-out makes them look like "giant's tombs" (99). The houses have annexes and, occassionally, stairs (100). 

Sometimes, two structures are linked through a shared wall. At least one circular building is usually present in these "platformhouse-sites". At some sites, a couple of buildings is associated with flat extra-mural or elevated intra-mural boulder pavements. On these pavements, bone splinters, predominantly human, but also animal bones, were scattered (101).
 

Some structures had a small stone cists at one end. Many bone fragments carry traces of cremation. An AMS dating run on bones from Kariya Buthi in the Hab Valley provided a date of 3500-2000 BP cal. These sites cluster in northern Las Bela (Welpat) and the Kanrach Valley, while in the much larger Hab Valley only one site was found (101). Compared with prehistoric sites, the amount of pottery is very small. Most common are coarse, handmade, gritty wares. Finer fabrics are the exception. Decoration is confined to applied and then punched or impressed bands (101), or to a purplish slip.
 
 
Northern Las Bela, Balochistan
Another historic horizon is marked by Londo pottery, a type widely found throughout Balochistan to Iran (102). The pots are made of a rather gritty fabric which carries thick, often glossy slips of various shades of red and brown. They are painted in tones of red, brown and in black with geometric patterns, scrolls and spirals. Figurative designs were only found at some sites (103, 104, 105).

The most typical pottery was found at large sites with mudbrick-architecture in the plains (106, 107), but also at sites like Nindowari and Londo which comprise of stone architecture. Only a few typical Londo sherds were found at large, deflated sites on the gravel plains along the Kanrach River where the pottery is usually a coarse, unpainted fabric. Here, a black painted buff pottery is more common (108, 109, 110). Typical Londo ware was not found at platformhouse sites, but a couple of coarse sherds provide a link between these types of sites.
 
 
Londo sherds with spirals and scrolls were also found in Iran and Makran. There, many sherds were excavated from cairns. Although cairns are also a common feature in southeastern Balochistan, none of the cairns opened by our mission (109, 110) and by de Cardi yielded any Londo pottery. It is known that cairns were in use until recently; attributing a date without finds is therefore very unreliable. 

It appears most likely, that the Londo horizon in this large region is not a single, homogeneous cultural complex. Upto now, the variety which is reflected by the structures and the pottery is not more than an impression. It is sufficiently evident, however, to underline the need to differentiate this amorphous cultural complex which only slowly takes shape. Accordingly, suggested datings have widely shifted through time. Recent research has narrowed the margins to a couple of centuries before and after Christ. Two new radiocarbon samples read 360 - 170 BC cal. and 180 to 50 BC calibrated. 

The third structural type of sites are large rectangular buildings which are built with huge ashlars. They are usually isolated. Associated with them was a coarse, red slipped pottery which occasionally also occurs at Londo settlements. > 8

قلعه سب زیباترین و سالمترین قلعه یی است که از دوران اسلامی سیستان و بلوچستان باقی مانده‌است.این قلعه که یادگار حاکمان صفویه و بعد از آنها است، از جمله ۲۷ بنای تاریخی این منطقه است که پا بر جا می باشد.

قلعه سب روی صفحه یی سنگی و صخره طبیعی کم ارتفاع با خشت و گل در قرن دوازدهم هجری قمری ساخته شد و در پایان قرن سیزدهم آخرین تغییرات اساسی در آن صورت گرفت. ساختمان قلعه مجموعه یی از حصار و بنای اصلی است که با ۲۳ متر ارتفاع در روستای «سیب» ۲۵کیلومتری جنوب غرب سراوان قرار دارد.

بنای اصلی قلعه در قاعده، به صورت مستطیل ۳۶ متر* ۲۵متر، در دو طبقه ساخته شده‌است. به گونه یی که هرچه بر ارتفاع آن افزوده می‌شود از حجم آن کم می‌شود و در ظاهر به شکل «مصطبه هرم» درمی آید که موجب ایستایی بیشتر بنا و جلوگیری از رانش دیوارهای قطور و مرتفع آن می‌شود.

معماران چیره دست محلی با بهره گیری از تجربه خود، برای احداث قلعه سب تخم گیاهی به نام «توتری» را با گل مخلوط می‌کردند و ملاطی چسبناک می‌ساختند که وقتی خشک شد، شدیدترین رگبارها و بارانهای فصلی بلوچستان نیز توانایی شستن آن را ندارد و به همین دلیل قلعه پایدار ماندهاست.

حصار قلعه سیب با سه متر ارتفاع ۴۸ متر*۷۴متر به شکل مستطیل، دورتادور قلعه را فراگرفته‌است، و به وسیله غلام گردهای (محلی ویژه نگهبانان و تیراندازی) در داخل دیوار و چهار برج چهارگوش در چهار رأس حصار از قلعه محافظت می‌کنند.

سازندگان قلعه همچنین با بهره گیری از تنه خرما و شاخ و برگ آن وگاهی حصیرهایی از داز DAZ (نخل کوتاه وحشی)، سقفها را می‌پوشاندند و روی آنهارا از کاهگل پوشش می‌دادند.

محل ورود به قلعه تنها از طریق پلکان جنوب شرق امکان پذیر است و واردشونده‌ها پس از عبور از درب اصلی قلعه به وسیله معبری به درگاهی، در سمت میانی دیواره غربی و از آنجا به وسیله یک راهرو تونل به طول ۱۶/۵متر با شیب نسبتاً تند به حیاط مرکزی می‌رسیدند. همچنین برای دسترسی ساکنان قلعه به آب شیرین چاهی در دل صخره و حیاط مرکزی حفر شده‌است.

قلعه سب در مجموع ۱۰ اتاق کوچک و بزرگ دارد که در اطراف حیاط مرکزی جای گرفته‌اند و برای دسترسی به فضاهای حاکم نشین و تابستانی، راه پله یی، مخفی، کم عرض، با شیب زیاد وجود دارد. قلعه سب بعد از زمان صفویه بویژه در عصر افشاریه محل سکونت حاکمین بوده‌است.

 



 

 

 

 

 

 

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!!!!!!!!!

اد

 

 

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